Evolution of computer
A Brief Introduction
Did you know that without the invention of computers for arithmetic task(add, subtract etc)we mostly use fingers,tally stick (collection of sticks), grains. But there is a problem with all these thing is for large number we need lots of objects(stick,grain) . To resolve the problem people trying to find some another method for arithmetic task with large numbers.Abacus : a counting frame
How it work:
science behind the working of abacus is so simple here we take a Russian abacus usually it has a single slanted deck, with ten beads on each wire(except one wire with four beads for quarter-ruble fractions). the Russian abacus is often used vertically, with wires from left to right in the manner of your book .
so every wire from bottom represent the once, tense ,hundreds, thousand and so on up to 9,999,999,999. each bead represent one unit of its respected place.
hence for representation of 74 we shift 7 beads from tense wire and 4 beads from once wire.
and if we have to add 7 to the number 74 we shift the once beads one by one if all the beads of once get shifted to right then we shift all the once beads to left and shift one bead of tense bead so finally for addition of 7 to 74 we shift one bead of once and 8 beads of tense. same mechanism is done for subtraction in a reverse manner.
abacus can do basic arithmetic very well but can not do problem involving proportion,trigonometry,and various functions,such as squares and cube roots.
For eliminate these problem many instruments are invented like
sector:
it was developed in the late 16th century it can do all problems of proportion, trigonometry etc. it use in gunnery,surveying and navigation.
planimeter:
it use to calculate the area of closed figure
slide rule:
it was invented around 1620-1630,after the publication of the concept of the logarithm.
it is a hand-operated analog computer it provide reciprocal, square roots,cubes and cube roots as well as function such as logarithms and exponential,circular and hyperbolic trigonometric and other function
It is still use in quick calculation and for time and distance calculation on light aircraft.
Differential analyser :
a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equation by integration, it uses wheel-and-disk mechanism to perform the integration
First computing device:
The concept of programmable computer is given by Charles Babbage , an mechanical engineer he also considered as "father of the computer". he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer(difference engine) in early 19th century.
How it work:
The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, and for output the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell.later The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto card to be read in later
The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts of his machine had to be made by hand this was a major problem for a device with thousand of parts
Analog computer
During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computer. However , these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computer.
The first modern analog computer invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equation by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanism
By the 1950s, the success of digital elctronic computers had spelled the end for most of analog computing machines, but analog computer remained in use in education and aircraft.
Digital computer
Electromechanical:
In 1938, the United State navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer .This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar device were developed in other countries as well.
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